SPELLING RULE

1.  In a one-syllable word, if the last three letters are consonant-vowel-consonant combination (CVC), double
the last consonant before adding –ing.
sit - sitting, run - running, hop – hopping

However, do not double the last consonant in word that end in w, x, or y.
sew - sewing, fix - fixing, enjoy – enjoying

2. In words of two or more syllables that end in a consonant-vowel-consonant combination, double the last
consonant only if the last syllable is stressed.
admit - admitting, regret - regretting

3. If a verb ends in –ie, change the –ie to y before adding -ing.
die - dying

4. In one-syllable words, if the verb ends in a consonant-vowel-consonant combination (CVC), double the
last consonant and add -ed.
hop - hopped, rub - rubbed

However, do not double one-syllable words ending in –w, -x, or –y.

bow - bowed, play - played, mix - mixed

5. In words of two or more syllables that end in consonant-vowel-consonant combination, double the last
consonant only if the last syllable is stressed.
prefer - preferred (The last syllable is stressed.) visit - visited (The last syllable isn’t stressed)

6. If the verb ends in a consonant, + y, change the -y to -i and –ed.
worry - worried, copy – copied

7. If the verb ends in a vowel +y, add -ed. (Do not change the –y to –i.)
play - played, annoy - annoyed

Exception: pay - paid, lay - laid, say - said

WORKSHEET OF THE WEEK

1. Think and write (Warm up Exercise for Alphabetical Order)

i) In a certain code, PAPER is written as SCTGW. How is MOTHER written in that code?

ii) Which letter will come at the 31^st position in AzyABzyxABC………………..?

iii) If COMPUTER is written as RFUVQNPC. How is MEDICINE written in the same way?

iv)  Find the 24^th letter from the series AabABabc………………

2. Arrange in Alphabetical Order                                                                          

i) Betty McDonald,   Katherine MacLean, Larry McMurtry, Ken McLeod, Judith McNaught, Marc MacYoung,

ii) Abel Pardo, Alexei Panshin, Cory Panshin,  Delia Parr, Michael Palmer, Robert Palmer, Orhan Pamuk

iii) Contact, Content, Context, Continue, Continent, Contest, Contrast, Contend

iv)  Disunite, Disturb, Disunity, Disuse, District, Disbelief, Disadvantage, Disqualify

3. Complete the following sentences by writing an appropriate letter in each space.    

i) ‘Choice’ comes before ‘Choose’ because ………..comes before………… in the alphabet.

ii) ‘Difference’ comes before ‘Different’ because………comes before……in the alphabet.

iii) ‘Examination’ comes before ‘Examine’ because………..comes before……in the alphabet.

iv) ‘Rationale’ comes before ‘Rationalize’ because………. comes before ……….in the alphabet.

4. In which quarter of the dictionary you will find the following words.

i) dwell                        ii) orphan                     iii) socket         iv) hive

v) irony                        vi) negotiation             vii) realm         viii) yacht

5. Read the following dictionary entry and answer the question that follows:

Indifferent adj. 1 [ usu] having no interest in sb/sth; not caring about sb/sth; She was indifferent   about the war in Cosovo. 2 of low quality; This is an indifferent film.

i) What do the given abbreviations refer?

            a) usu   b) sth   c) adj.  d) sb

ii) What is the headword for the given dictionary entry?

iii) If the film is of indifferent quality, is it bad or good?

ROLE OF YOUTH IN NATION BUILDING

The term ‘nation building’ is usually used to refer to the constructive process of engaging all citizens in building social unity, economic prosperity and political stability in a democratic way. A nation is built out of the human intellect. This means that a nation cannot be built without the recognition and the collective efforts of all citizens, skilled and unskilled, young and old.
Nepal is not so big country but it has a large population. Nepal’s present population is more than 2 crores 31 lakh according to the census 2001. Those between the ages of 15 to 35 form more than 50 percent of the total population.   For our purpose we count them all as the youth. These include students,   employees, workers, farmers and persons from various professions including the unemployed—educated or else. These young people con¬stitute a large force. They are energetic, enthusiastic and full of passion. Unfortunately a large number of them are without any direction.   It is dangerous to allow them to remain idle, as it would increase their frustration.   A large number of them are capable, devoted, dedicated idealists and are fond of work. Their frustration is a result of their being without any worth¬while job.   It is a great national wastage if these energetic hands and brains are not provided with some kind of work to meet the needs of the nation.   No country can permit such wastage. What is needed is that they should be taken into confidence and given a direction—some constructive work. This huge manpower can do wonders provided its enthu¬siasm is harnessed for development work.   Nepalese youth have never lagged behind when called upon to meet a challenge. It is for the national leaders to play their part by mobilising their abilities and providing them with a direction.
Let there be no doubt about their strength, power and capability. Their counterparts have changed the govern¬ments in their own countries. It was the youth of Indonesia who overthrew President Soekarno. The massive youth movement in Czechoslovakia succeeded against the military invasion on their country. The recent history of Cambodia, Cuba, France and Pakistan provide evidences of their unbeatable force. Even in our own country the youth played a very inspiring role in bringing Loktantra.
If we exclude the youth, the rest of the population of Nepal will comprise old people and children. They cannot be called the real manpower of the nation. So we may say that if the youth of the country are not inspired to devote their energies to the task of national reconstruction, the whole manpower of the nation is being wasted.
It is not very difficult to mobilise the youth for nation-building.There can be a large number of schemes, projects and programmes wherein their total involvement will bring quicker and better results. They can play a key role in the socio-economic regeneration of the society. There are many evil practices in our society. If the youth is associated in a drive against these practices, the results may be much more satisfactory. There may be schemes connected with the raising of the level of production in agriculture. The youth may be assigned the job of distribution of knowledge for better farming, new techniques and proper use of fertilisers and pesticides. What is required is that they may be given sufficient training in these tasks. The youth may work successfully as an arm of the administration in the implementation of governmental programmes aimed at fighting against these and other maladies. Another field in which their energy may be usefully employed is the task of adult education. Being given a little support, they may take over the great responsibility of fulfilling the targets fixed by the government. Their services may similarly be utilised for preventing and fighting offences like smuggling, black-marketing and so on. They can at least create public opinion against those who indulge in such unfair practices. What is needed is that we should have faith in their capacity and capability.
The young people may be inspired and encouraged to adopt villages or other suitable units of operation, where they may cancentrate on the improvement of physical and social environment. This will lead to socio-economic progress and help to channelise the energies, interest and idealism of the youth in the task of nation-building. It is certain that the youth will make full use of the diverse opportunities offered to them. If would make the task of nation-building easier and quicker.

MODEL QUESTION OF COMPUTER SCIENCE GRADE-XI

HSEB –Model Questions

GRADE XI

Computer Science

Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. The figures in the margin indicate full marks

Full Marks -75

Pass Marks -27

Time – 3 hrs

Group ‘A’ (Long answer questions)

Attempt any three questions                                                               3×10=30

1.      What type of computer is personal computer? Discuss things to be considered while buying a personal computer.

2.      What do you mean by programming language? Discuss types of programming languages along with merits and demerits.

3.      (a).What do you mean by volatile memory? Why volatile memory is faster than permanent memory?

(b). Draw well labeled diagram of a hard disk. Differentiate between hard disk and floppy disk.

4.      (a)Why do we need lists in a web page? Explain different types of list with example.

(b). Write an HTML code to display following table.

Group – B

(Short Answer Questions)

Attempt any Nine Questions [9×5=45]

5.      What do you mean by AI? Discuss about fifth generation of computer.

6.      What do you mean by cache memory? Discuss its importance in processing.

7.      What do you mean by open source operating system? Discuss about Linux and UNIX.

8.      Discuss about positional and non positional number system. Convert (BAEF)₁₆ in base eight number system and again convert the result to decimal number system.

9.      What do you mean by data types? Discuss about basic and derived data types.

10.  Explain the principal of duality with example.

11.  Discuss various uses of presentation software? Discuss about transition and animation in presentation.

12.  What do you mean by primary storage? Differentiate between RAM and ROM.

13.  What do you mean by coding technique? Discuss about ASCII and Unicode.

14.   Define algorithm and flowchart. Draw a flowchart for finding largest number among three distinct numbers.

15.  Write short notes on (any two)

a.       Mobile Computing.

b.      Blu-ray disk.

c.       Computer virus.

The Oxford English Dictionary: List of Abbreviations

The Oxford English Dictionary: List of Abbreviations

June 1996

A
a. (in Etym.)	adoption of, adopted from
a (as a 1850)	ante, 'before', 'not later than'
a.	adjective
abbrev.	abbreviation (of)
abl.	ablative
absol.	absolute, -ly
Abstr.	(in titles) Abstract, -s
acc.	accusative
Acct.	(in titles) Account
A.D.	Anno Domini
ad. (in Etym.)	adaptation of
Add.	Addenda
adj.	adjective
Adv.	(in titles) Advance, -d, -s
adv.	adverb
advb.	adverbial, -ly
Advt.	advertisement
Aeronaut.	(as label) in Aeronautics; (in titles) Aeronautic, -al, -s
AF., AFr.	Anglo-French
Afr.	Africa, -n
Agric.	(as label) in Agriculture; (in titles) Agriculture, - al
Alb.	Albanian
Amer.	American
Amer. Ind.	American Indian
Anat.	(as label) in Anatomy; (in titles) Anatomy, - ical
Anc.	(in titles) Ancient
Anglo-Ind.	Anglo-Indian
Anglo-Ir.	Anglo-Irish
Ann.	Annals
Anthrop., Anthropol.	(as label) in Anthropology; (in titles) Anthropology, -ical
Antiq.	(as label) in Antiquities; (in titles) Antiquity
aphet.	aphetic, aphetized
app.	apparently
Appl.	(in titles) Applied
Applic.	(in titles) Application, -s
appos.	appositive, -ly
Arab.	Arabic
Aram.	Aramaic
Arch.	(as label) in Architecture; (in titles) Architecture, -al
Arm.	Armenian
assoc.	association
Astr.	in Astronomy
Astrol.	in Astrology
Astron.	(in titles) Astronomy, -ical
Astronaut.	(in titles) Astronautic, -s
attrib.	attributive, -ly
Austral.	Australian
Autobiogr.	(in titles) Autobiography, -ical
A.V.	Authorized Version
B
B.C.	Before Christ
B.C.	(in titles) British Columbia
bef.	before
Bibliogr.	(as label) in Bibliography; (in titles) Bibliography, -ical
Biochem.	(as label) in Biochemistry; (in titles) Biochemistry, -ical
Biol.	(as label) in Biology; (in titles) Biology, - ical
Bk.	Book
Bot. (as label) in Botany; (in titles) Botany, -ical Bp.	Bishop
Brit.	(in titles) Britain, British
Bulg.	Bulgarian
Bull.	(in titles) Bulletin
C
c (as c 1700)	circa, 'about'
c. (as 19th c.)	century
Cal.	(in titles) Calendar
Cambr.	(in titles) Cambridge
Canad.	Canadian
Cat.	Catalan
catachr.	catachrestically
Catal.	(in titles) Catalogue
Celt.	Celtic
Cent.	(in titles) Century, Central
Cent. Dict.	Century Dictionary
Cf., cf.	confer, 'compare'
Ch.	Church
Chem.	(as label) in Chemistry; (in titles) Chemistry, - ical
Chr.	(in titles) Christian
Chron.	(in titles) Chronicle
Chronol.	(in titles) Chronology, -ical
Cinemat., Cinematogr.	in Cinematography
Clin.	(in titles) Clinical
cl. L.	classical Latin
cogn. w.	cognate with
Col.	(in titles) Colonel, Colony
Coll.	(in titles) Collection
collect.	collective, -ly
colloq.	colloquial, -ly
comb.	combined, -ing
Comb.	Combinations
Comm.	in Commercial usage
Communic.	in Communications
comp.	compound, composition
Compan.	(in titles) Companion
compar.	comparative
compl.	complement
Compl.	(in titles) Complete
Conc.	(in titles) Concise
Conch.	in Conchology
concr.	concrete, -ly
Conf.	(in titles) Conference
Congr.	(in titles) Congress
conj.	conjunction
cons.	consonant
const.	construction, construed with
contr.	contrast (with)
Contrib.	(in titles) Contribution
Corr.	(in titles) Correspondence
corresp.	corresponding (to)
Cotgr.	R. Cotgrave, Dictionarie of the French and English tongues
cpd.	compound
Crit.	(in titles) criticism, critical
Cryst.	in Crystallography
Cycl.	(in titles) Cyclopaedia, -ic
Cytol.	(in titles) Cytology, -ical
D
Da.	Danish
D.A.	Dictionary of Americanisms
D.A.E.	Dictionary of American English
dat.	dative
D.C.	District of Columbia
Deb.	(in titles) Debate, -s
def.	definite, -ition
dem.	demonstrative
deriv.	derivative, -ation
derog.	derogatory
Descr.	(in titles) Description, -tive
Devel.	(in titles) Development, -al
Diagn.	(in titles) Diagnosis, Diagnostic
dial.	dialect, -al
Dict.	dictionary; spec., the Oxford English Dictionary
dim.	diminutive
Dis.	(in titles) Disease
Diss.	(in titles) Dissertation
D.O.S.T.	Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue
Du.	Dutch
E
E.	East
Eccl.	(as label) in Ecclesiastical usage; (in titles) Ecclesiastical
Ecol.	in Ecology
Econ.	(as label) in Economics; (in titles) Economy, - ics
ed.	edition
E.D.D.	English Dialect Dictionary
Edin.	(in titles) Edinburgh
Educ.	(as label) in Education; (in titles) Education, - al
EE.	Early English
e.g.	exempli gratia, 'for example'
Electr.	(as label) in Electricity; (in titles) Electricity, - ical
Electron.	(in titles) Electronic, -s
Elem.	(in titles) Element, -ary
ellipt.	elliptical, -ly
Embryol.	in Embryology
e.midl.	east midland (dialect)
Encycl.	(in titles) Encyclopaedia, -ic
Eng.	England, English
Engin.	in Engineering
Ent.	in Entomology
Entomol.	(in titles) Entomology, -logical
erron.	erroneous, -ly
esp.	especially
Ess.	(in titles) Esssay, -s
et al.	et alii, 'and others'
etc.	et cetera
Ethnol.	in Ethnology
etym.	etymology
euphem.	euphemistically
Exam.	(in titles) Examination
exc.	except
Exerc.	(in titles) Exercise, -s
Exper.	(in titles) Experiment, -al
Explor.	(in titles) Exploration, -s
F
f.	feminine
f.	(in Etym.) formed on
f. (in subordinate entries)	form of
F.	French
fem. (rarely f.)	feminine
fig.	figurative, -ly
Finn.	Finnish
fl.	floruit, 'flourished'
Found.	(in titles) Foundation, -s
Fr.	French
freq.	frequent, -ly
Fris.	Frisian
Fund.	(in titles) Fundamental, -s
Funk or Funk's Stand. Dict.	Funk and Wagnalls Standard Dictionary
G
G.	German
Gael.	Gaelic
Gaz.	(in titles) Gazette
gen.	genitive
gen.	general, -ly
Geogr.	(as label) in Geography; (in titles) Geography, - ical
Geol.	(as label) in Geology; (in titles) Geology, - ical
Geom.	in Geometry
Geomorphol.	in Geomorphology
Ger.	German
Gloss.	Glossary
Gmc.	Germanic
Godef.	F. Godefroy, Dictionnaire de l'ancienne langue francaise
Goth.	Gothic
Govt.	(in titles) Government
Gr.	Greek
Gr.	Great
Gram.	(as label) in Grammar; (in titles) Grammar, - tical
Gt.	Great
H
Heb., Hebr.	Hebrew
Her.	in Heraldry
Herb.	among herbalists
Hind.	Hindustani
Hist.	(as label) in History; (in titles) History, - ical
hist.	historical
Histol.	(as label) in Histology; (in titles) Histology, - ical
Hort.	in Horticulture
Househ.	(in titles) Household
Housek.	(in titles) Housekeeping
I
Ibid.	Ibidem, 'in the same book or passage'
Icel.	Icelandic
Ichthyol.	in Ichthyology
id.	idem, 'the same'
i.e.	id est, 'that is'
IE.	Indo-European
Illustr.	(in titles) Illustration, -ted
imit.	imitative
Immunol.	in Immunology
imp.	imperative
impers.	impersonal
impf.	imperfect
ind.	indicative
indef.	indefinite
Industr.	(in titles) Industry, -ial
inf.	infinitive
infl.	influenced
Inorg.	(in titles) Inorganic
Ins.	(in titles) Insurance
Inst.	(in titles) Institute, -tion
int.	interjection
intr.	intransitive
Introd.	(in titles) Introduction
Ir.	Irish
irreg.	irregular, -ly
It.	Italian
J
J., (J.)	(quoted from) Johnson's Dictionary
(Jam.)	Jamieson, Scottish Dict.
Jap.	Japanese
joc.	jocular, -ly
Jrnl.	(in titles) Journal
Jun.	(in titles) Junior
K
Knowl.	(in titles) Knowledge
L
l.	line
L.	Latin
lang.	language
Lect.	(in titles) Lecture, -s
Less.	(in titles) Lesson, -s
Let., Lett.	letter, letters
LG.	Low German
lit.	literal, -ly
Lit.	Literary
Lith.	Lithuanian
LXX	Septuagint
M
m.	masculine
Mag.	(in titles) Magazine
Magn.	(in titles) Magnetic, -ism
Mal.	Malay, Malayan
Man.	(in titles) Manual
Managem.	(in titles) Management
Manch.	(in titles) Manchester
Manuf.	in Manufacture, -ing
Mar.	(in titles) Marine
masc. (rarely m.)	masculine
Math.	(as label) in Mathematics; (in titles) Mathematics, -al
MDu.	Middle Dutch
ME.	Middle English
Mech.	(as label) in Mechanics; (in titles) Mechanics, - al
Med.	(as label) in Medicine; (in titles) Medicine, - ical
med.L.	medieval Latin
Mem.	(in titles) Memoir, -s
Mataph.	in Metaphysics
Meteorol.	(as label) in Meteorology; (in titles) Meteorology, -ical
MHG.	Middle High German
midl.	midland (dialect)
Mil.	in military usage
Min.	(as label) in Mineralogy; (in titles) Mineralogy, - ical
Mineral.	(in titles) Mineralogy, -ical
MLG.	Middle Low German
Mics.	(in titles) Miscellany, -eous
mod.	modern
mod.L.	modern Latin
(Morris)	(quoted from) E. E. Morris's Austral English
Mus.	(as label) in Music; (in titles) Music, -al; Museum
Myst.	(in titles) Mystery
Mythol.	in Mythology
N
N.	North
n.	neuter
N.Amer.	North America, -n
N.&Q.	Notes and Queries
Narr.	(in titles) Narrative
Nat.	(in titles) Natural
Nat. Hist.	in Natural History
Naut.	in nautical language
N.E.	North East
N.E.D.	New English Dictionary, original title of the Oxford English
Dictionary (first edition) Neurol.	in Neurology
neut. (rarely n.)	neuter
NF., NFr.	Northern French
No.	Number
nom.	nominative
north.	northern dialect
Norw.	Norwegian
n.q.	no quotations
N.T.	New Testament
Nucl.	Nuclear
Numism.	in Numismatics
N.W.	North West
N.Z.	New Zealand
O
obj.	object
obl.	oblique
Obs., obs.	obsolete
Obstetr.	(in titles) Obstetric
occas.	occasionally
OE.	Old English (= Anglo-Saxon)
OF., OFr.	Old French
OFris.	Old Frisian
OHG.	Old High German
OIr.	Old Irish
ON.	Old Norse
ONF.	Old Northern French
Ophthalm.	in Ophthalmology
opp.	opposed (to), the opposite (of)
Opt.	in Optics
Org.	(in titles) Organic
orig.	origin, -al, -ally
Ornith.	(as label) in Ornithology; (in titles) Ornithology, -ical
OS.	Old Saxon
OSl.	Old (Church) Slavonic
O.T.	Old Testament
Outl.	(in titles) Outline
Oxf.	(in titles) Oxford
P
p.	page
Palaeogr.	in Palaeography
Palaeont. in Palaeontology; (in titles) Palaeontology, -ical pa. pple.	passive participle, past participle
(Partridge)	(quoted from) E. Partridge's Dictionary of Slang and
Unconventional English pass.	passive, -ly
pa.t.	past tense
Path.	(as label) in Pathology; (in titles) Pathology, - ical
perh. perhaps Pers.	Persian
pers.	person, -al
Petrogr.	in Petrography
Petrol.	(as label) in Petrology; (in titles) Petrology, - ical
(Pettman)	(quoted from) C. Pettman's Africanderisms
pf.	perfect
Pg.	Portuguese
Pharm.	in Pharmacology
Philol.	(as label) in Philology; (in titles) Philology, - ical
Philos.	(as label) in Philosophy; (in titles) Philosophy, - ic
phonet.	phonetic, -ally
Photogr.	(as label) in Photography; (in titles) Photography, -ical
phr.	phrase
Phys.	physical; (rarely) in Physiology
Physiol.	(as label) in Physiology; (in titles) Physiology, -ical
Pict.	(in titles) Picture, Pictorial
pl., plur.	plural
poet.	poetic, -al
Pol.	Polish
Pol.	(as label) in Politics; (in titles) Politics, - al
Pol. Econ.	in Political Economy
Polit.	(in titles) Politics, -al
pop.	popular, -ly
Porc.	(in titles) Porcelain
poss.	possessive
Pott.	(in titles) Pottery
ppl. a., pple. adj.	participial adjective
pple.	participle
Pr.	Provencal
pr.	present
Pract.	(in titles) Practice, -al
prec.	preceding (word or article)
pred.	predicative
pref.	prefix
pref., Pref.	preface
prep.	preposition
pres.	present
Princ.	(in titles) Principle, -s
priv.	privative
prob.	probably
Probl.	(in titles) Problem
Proc.	(in titles) Proceedings
pron.	pronoun
pronunc.	pronunciation
prop.	properly
Pros.	in Prosody
Prov.	Provencal
pr. pple.	present participle
Psych.	in Psychology
Psychol.	(as label) in Psychology; (in titles) Psychology, -ical
Publ.	(in titles) Publications
Q
Q.	(in titles) Quarterly
quot(s).	quotation(s)
q.v.	quod vide, 'which see'
R
R.	(in titles) Royal
Radiol.	in Radiology
R.C.Ch.	Roman Catholic Church
Rec.	(in titles) Record
redupl.	reduplicating
Ref.	(in titles) Reference
refash.	refashioned, -ing
refl.	reflexive
Reg.	(in titles) Register
reg.	regular
rel	related to
Reminisc.	(in titles) Reminiscence, -s
Rep.	(in titles) Report, -s
repr.	representative, representing
Res.	(in titles) Research
Rev.	(in titles) Review
rev.	revised
Rhet.	in Rhetoric
Rom.	Roman, -ce, -ic
Rum.	Rumanian
Russ.	Russian
S
S.	South
S.Afr.	South Africa, -n
sb.	substantive
sc.	scilicet, 'understand' or 'supply'
Sc., Scot.	Scottish
Scand.	(in titles) Scandinavia, -n
Sch.	(in titles) School
Sc. Nat. Dict.	Scottish National Dictionary
Scotl.	(in titles) Scotland
Sel.	(in titles) Selection, -s
Ser.	Series
sing.	singular
Sk.	(in titles) Sketch
Skr.	Sanskrit
Slav.	Slavonic
S.N.D.	Scottish National Dictionary
Soc.	(in titles) Society
Sociol.	(as label) in Sociology; (in titles) Sociology, - ical
Sp.	Spanish
Sp.	(in titles) Speech, -es
sp.	spelling
spec.	specifically
Spec.	(in titles) Specimen
St.	Saint
Stand.	Standard
Stanf.	(quoted from) Stanford Dictionary of Anglicised Words & Phrases
str.	strong
Struct.	(in titles) Structure, -al
Stud.	(in titles) Studies
subj.	subject
subord. cl.	subordinate clause
subseq.	subsequent, -ly
subst.	substantively
suff.	suffix
superl.	superlative
Suppl.	Supplement
Surg.	(as label) in Surgery; (in titles) Surgery, Surgical
s.v.	sub voce, 'under the word'
Sw.	Swedish
s.w.	south-western (dialect)
Syd. Soc. Lex.	Sydenham Society, Lexicon of Medicine & Allied Sciences
syll.	syllable
Syr.	Syrian
Syst.	(in titles) System, -atic
T
Taxon.	(in titles) Taxonomy, -ical
techn.	technical, -ly
Technol.	(in titles) Technology, -ical
Telegr.	in Telegraphy
Teleph.	in Telephony
(Th.)	(quoted from) Thornton's American Glossary
Theatr.	in the Theatre, theatrical
Theol.	(as label) in Theology; (in titles) Theology, - ical
Theoret.	(in titles) Theoretical
Tokh.	Tokharian
tr., transl.	translated, translation
Trans.	(in titles) Transactions
trans.	transitive
transf.	transferred sense
Trav.	(in titles) Travel(s)
Treas.	(in titles) Treasury
Treat.	(in titles) Treatise
Treatm.	(in titles) Treatment
Trig.	in Trigonometry
Trop.	(in titles) Tropical
Turk.	Turkish
Typog., Typogr.	in Typography
U
ult.	ultimately
Univ.	(in titles) University
unkn.	unknown
U.S.	United States
U.S.S.R.	Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
usu.	usually
V
v., vb.	verb
var(r)., vars.	variant(s) of
vbl. sb.	verbal substantive
Vertebr.	(in titles) Vertebrate, -s
Vet.	(as label) in Veterinary Science; (in titles) Veterinary
Vet. Sci.	in Veterinary Science
viz.	videlicet, 'namely'
Voy.	(in titles) Voyage, -s
v.str.	strong verb
vulg.	vulgar
v.w.	weak verb
W
W.	Welsh; West
wd.	word
Webster	Webster's (New International) Dictionary
Westm.	(in titles) Westminster
WGmc.	West Germanic
Wks.	(in titles) Works
w.midl.	west midland (dialect)
WS.	West Saxon
Y
(Y.)	(quoted from) Yule & Burnell's Hobson- Jobson
Yrs.	(in titles) Years
Z
Zoogeogr.	in Zoogeography
Zool.	(as label) in Zoology; (in titles) Zoology, - ical